Tor browser with java мега

Как понятно, главным параметром, по которому можно вычислить человека в сети — это его IP-адрес. Зная IP-адрес, с которого юзер пробовал совершить что-то плохое в сети, можно выяснить провайдера, а, зная провайдера — можно отправить ему запрос, чтоб он выдал информацию, кому из его клиентов принадлежит этот IP.

Потому злоумышленники, а также добропорядочные граждане, имеющие основания бояться властей к примеру, за свою политическую активность в вебе , а также просто параноики в первую очередь озабочены тем, чтоб скрыть собственный настоящий IP-адрес при совершении каких-то действий в сети.

Существует огромное число методов для этого, один из их — Tor The Onion Router. Работает он последующим образом — добровольцы устанавливают у себя на компах ПО, которое делает их узлами сети Tor. Юзеры, желающие скрыть собственный настоящий IP-адрес, устанавливают у себя клиентское ПО Tor, и с этого момента весь трафик, использующий протокол TCP, проходит не впрямую от компа юзера к конечной цели, а через несколько узлов сети TOR, так что на выходе будет не ваш IP-адрес, а IP-адрес крайнего узла сети Tor, который уже вышлет ваш запрос по назначению.

При этом снутри самой сети Tor маршрут вашего трафика будет повсевременно изменяться — огромное число узлов это дозволяет. Бесплатный сыр, как понятно, бывает лишь в мышеловке, и в данном случае за анонимность тоже приходится платить — тем, что скорость работы в сети значительно упадёт за счёт наличия доп узлов не постоянно при этом располагающихся на стремительных каналах.

Кстати, внедрение Tor помогает также к получению доступа к тем веб-сайтам, которые заблокированы властями какой-нибудь страны для собственных людей — ведь конкретное обращение к веб-сайту делает крайний узел сети Tor, а не комп юзера, за счёт чего же можно обойти блокировку на уровне муниципальных провайдеров. На Западе, как понятно, компании-правообладатели существенно наиболее жестко занимаются защитой собственных авторских прав в вебе, и временами над юзерами, которые скачали некий нелегальный контент, устраиваются показательные судебные процессы.

Так как на данный момент основной средой распространения контрафакта являются торренты, то почти все технически продвинутые юзеры пробуют обезопасить себя путём работы в торрентах через Tor кстати, такое внедрение Tor считается «антисоциальным», так как сильно нагружает каналы меж узлами Tor — всё-таки в первую очередь Tor думал как средство для политических активистов, опасающихся преследования властей и средство получения инфы, закрытой интернет-цензурой, а не для анонимного скачки кинофильмов и музыки.

Есть три метода совместного использования BitTorrent и Tor. Соединение с трекером через Tor для получения перечня компов, у которых есть разыскиваемый файл. Соединение с иными узлами торрент-сети для распостранения файла Оба прошлых метода сразу Сделав настолько длинноватое вступление, можно перейти конкретно к тому, что изучили спецы INRIA.

Они запустили 6 исходящих узлов сети Tor исходящий узел — крайний в цепочке и стали «слушать» BitTorrent-трафик. В итоге исследований было предложено три различного рода атаки. Сообщения, которые анонсируют запрос от клиента на перечень файлообменных узлов, время от времени содержат настоящий IP-адрес юзера в явном виде. Таковым образом, владея исходящим узлом сети Tor, можно собирать настоящие IP-адреса юзеров торрентов. Узел Tor может подменить настоящий перечень файлообменных узлов, который запрашивал юзер, и в поддельный перечень добавить IP-адреса, которые контролируются атакующим.

В предстоящем, когда Bittorent-клиент будет соединяться с этими узлами впрямую, минуя Tor, то он выдаст собственный IP-адрес. Но атакующий, зная используемый юзером порт и зная идентификатор контента, может вычислить IP-адрес юзера, используя индивидуальности работы DHT. Какой вывод можно сделать из этого? В очередной раз продемонстрировано, что на всякий замок найдётся своя отмычка, и Tor — не панацея. Но вряд ли в наиблежайшее время стоит ждать, что правообладатели начнут в массовом порядке устанавливать собственные Tor-узлы и прослушивать торрент-трафик — всё-таки это и занятие трудоёмкое, и много ещё юзеров, которые не пользуются Tor и которых можно применять в качестве жертв для показательных действий.

Напоследок — одна маленькая, но показательная, история. В августе года шведский исследователь в области компьютерной сохранности Дэн Эгерстад Dan Egerstad опубликовал пароль наиболее чем к учетных записей почты, принадлежащих сотрудникам посольств и правительств различных государств, включая Россию. Как он их получил? Опосля всех нужных манипуляций нужно подождать пару минут, пока сеть настроится, и можно воспользоваться всеми ее сокрытыми сервисами.

В данном случае мы получили анонимный доступ в сеть I2P, то есть ко всем ресурсам в домене. Ежели захочется выйти в глобальную сеть, то довольно просто прописать в настройках браузера внедрение прокси-сервера Выход из I2P в глобальную сеть осуществляется через определенные шлюзы именуемые outproxy. Как понимаешь, рассчитывать на гигантскую скорость в таком случае не приходится.

Плюс нет никакой гарантии, что на таком шлюзе никто не снифает твой трафик. Безопасно ли располагать собственный анонимный ресурс в I2P-сети? А как насчет безопасного и анонимного обмена файлами? Для таковой цели можно прибегнуть к помощи GNUnet bit.

Основная цель проекта — создание надежной, децентрализованной и анонимной системы обмена информацией. Все узлы сети работают как маршрутизаторы, шифруют соединения с иными узлами и поддерживают неизменный уровень перегрузки на сеть. Как и во почти всех остальных решениях, узлы, активно участвующие в работе сети, обслуживаются с наиболее высочайшим ценностью. Увлекательная фича — возможность настроить уровень анонимности: от нуля не анонимно до бесконечности по дефолту стоит единица. GNUnet является расширяемым, на его базе можно строить новейшие P2P-приложения.

Кроме файлообмена более популярного сервиса , есть другие службы: простой чат, находящийся на данный момент в полумертвом состоянии, а также распределенный DNS. Ну и как традиционно, за анонимность приходится расплачиваться: высочайшей задержкой, низкой скоростью работы и довольно высочайшим потреблением ресурсов что типично для всех децентрализованных сетей.

Плюс находятся задачи обратной сопоставимости меж разными версиями фреймворка. RestroShare bit. Основная философия заключается в обмене файлами и общении лишь с доверенными друзьями, а не со всей сетью, из-за чего же ее нередко относят к darknet. Для установки соединения с другом юзеру нужно сгенерировать с помощью RetroShare пару GPG-ключей либо выбрать существующую.

Друзья друзей могут созидать друг друга ежели юзеры включили такую возможность , но соединяться не могут. Таковая вот выходит соц сеть :. Но зато можно шарить папки меж друзьями. В сети существует несколько сервисов для общения: приватный чат, почта, форумы как анонимные, так и с обыкновенной аутентификацией , голосовой чат VoIP-плагин , каналы, наподобие IRC.

Ты можешь удивиться: при чем здесь Raspberry Pi? Мы же говорим про анонимность. А при том, что сей небольшой аксессуар поможет данной анонимности достигнуть. Не считая этого, есть еще один плюс. В децентрализованных сетях добиться применимой скорости доступа к локальным ресурсам можно, лишь ежели повсевременно находиться в ней. К примеру, в I2P доверие остальных «чесночных роутеров» к такому узлу будет больше, соответственно и скорость выше.

Держать ради этого повсевременно включенным собственный комп либо заводить отдельный сервер нерезонно, а вот издержать на это всего 30 баксов вроде и не жаль. В ежедневной жизни можно будет воспользоваться обыденным подключением, а когда нужно будет анонимно выйти в Сеть — просто пускаешь весь трафик через мини-девайс и не паришься ни с какими опциями.

Нужно огласить, что до недавнего времени устанавливать софтину I2P, написанную на Java, на «ежевику» смысла не было. Скупой до ресурсов Java-машине никак не хватало обычных Мб оперативы. С выходом Raspberry Pi model B, несущего на борту уже Мб, это стало уже полностью реально. Так что давай разглядим главные моменты, связанные с установкой. Допустим, мы используем Raspbian. Первым делом обновляемся:. Потом устанавливаем Java, но не обычную из пакетов, а специальную версию, заточенную под процессоры ARM, — bit.

Скачиваем и инсталлируем:. Чтоб перевоплотить Raspberry в роутер для I2P, нужно незначительно поколдовать с конфигами. Там нам нужно закомментировать строчку. Также можно добавить в crontab последующие строчки, чтоб софтина автоматом поднималась при запуске системы либо опосля краша:. Осталось лишь организовать удаленный доступ к аксессуару. Лучший метод — применять динамический портфорвардинг через SSH.

Для этого нужно лишь установить в настройках I2P-туннель, который бы указывал на й порт на локальной машине. А можно и придумать собственный метод, как применять аксессуар для анонимных путешествий по Сети. На самом деле Raspberry Pi не единственный небольшой аксессуар, на базе которого можно организовать анонимный доступ в Сеть.

Достойной кандидатурой ему будет роутер от латвийской компании MikroTik , которая занимается созданием сетевого оборудования и софта для него. Таковой аксессуар обойдется чуток подороже, но востребует меньше возни при настройке. Разные варианты платформ RouterBOARD разрешают решать разные сетевые задачи: от построения обычный точки доступа до массивного маршрутизатора. Невзирая на наличие разъема для подключения питания, фактически все устройства могут питаться с помощью PoE.

Останавливаться на этом не будет, тут все чрезвычайно тщательно описано. Крупная часть времени в Сети идет не на дискуссии по скайпу либо общение в соц сетях, а на обычной серфинг. Но и здесь нас не оставляют без присмотра. Социальные сети и остальные веб-сайты пробуют отследить, какие ресурсы ты посещаешь, что ищешь в Сети, чтоб позже пичкать тебя рекламой по идентичной теме стоило мне один раз поглядеть один ноутбук, как он здесь же начал выскакивать повсюду в рекламе от гугла.

Это быстро начинает раздражать и отвлекать от основного поиска. Да и вообщем, мы заходим в Сеть не для того, чтоб показать кому-то, что мы ищем. Так что с сиим нужно как-то биться. Один из наилучших плагинов, позволяющий скрыться от маркетинговой слежки, доступный для браузеров Firefox, Chrome, Opera и Safari. На официальном веб-сайте можно поглядеть смешной анимационный ролик, демонстрирующий, как некие веб-сайты смотрят за юзерами и мешают им сосредоточиться на поиске.

Опосля установки данного расширения на тулбаре покажется клавиша, при клике на которую отобразится выпадающее окошко дропдаун , и в нем будет наглядно показано, сколько «левых» запросов от гугла, твиттера, фейсбука, аналитических и маркетинговых веб-сайтов было заблокировано при заходе на данную страничку.

А также на сколько удалось уменьшить время загрузки странички и сколько сэкономить трафика. Еще одним методом отслеживания юзера а также нередко и распространения малвари служит реклама. И пусть большая часть баннеров полностью безвредны, но согласись, что куча анимации и выскакивающие попапы не лишь раздражают, но и отвлекают внимание от разыскиваемой инфы.

Кандидатурой популярному Disconnect, также поддерживающей все популярные браузеры, может служить DoNotTrackMe. Интерфейс у обоих расширений чрезвычайно похож. Правда, в отличие от наиболее продвинутого соперника, DoNotTrackMe предоставляет право выбора по блокировке того либо другого шпионящего веб-сайта самому юзеру. Таковой подход понадобится тем, кто желает бросить все как есть, заблокировав только неких нарушителей.

Еще одно расширение, позволяющее перекрыть ресурсы, пытающиеся выслеживать твое положение в Сети. Владеет большой базой «шпионящих» веб-сайтов. В отличие от коллег по цеху, поддерживает IE. К огорчению, плагин хоть и работоспособный, но давненько не обновлялся. Скачать можно на официальном веб-сайте.

Говоря про приватность и анонимность в Сети, нельзя обойти стороной внедрение для этих целей VPN.

Мега java browser tor with интересные сайты в darknet вход на мегу

Думаю, что tor browser пароль mega вход моему мнению

В остальных вариантах сайт может даже вполне сломаться, либо вы застрянете на неописуемо старенькой версии странички. Что такое мобильные приложения JavaScript? Java и Swift — популярные языки для сотворения мобильных приложений для Android и iOS соответственно. С таковыми фреймворками, как Ionic, React Native, функции и методы использования JavaScript также делают его массивным инвентарем для сотворения мобильных приложений. JavaScript — это язык программирования для Веба.

JavaScript может вычислять, обрабатывать и инспектировать данные. Современный JavaScript — это «безопасный» язык программирования. Он не обеспечивает низкоуровневый доступ к памяти либо ЦП, так как вначале был сотворен для браузеров, которым он не требуется. Отключение JavaScript приводит к невозможности использования почти всех сайтов, потому он включен по умолчанию.

Рекомендуется отключить JavaScript в браузере Tor и бросить NoScript включенным для всех веб-сайтов, ежели лишь у вас нет весомых обстоятельств не делать этого. Да, в главных веб-браузерах по умолчанию включен JavaScript. Но кроме того, чтоб вынудить ваш веб-сайт работать для юзеров, которые наиболее хлопочут о сохранности, чем большая часть, и выключить его, вы захотите, чтоб он работал и в остальных вещах, не считая обыденных веб-браузеров, таковых как инструменты доступности и поисковые системы.

Это обширно используемый язык, который делает Веб тем, чем он является сейчас, позволяя сайтам быть наиболее отзывчивыми, динамичными и интерактивными. Отключение JavaScript возвращает сайты в те времена, когда они были простыми документами без каких-то остальных функций.

JavaScript постоянно будет употребляться для эксплойтов юзеров, потому оставлять его по умолчанию разблокированным — это собственного рода угроза сохранности. Причина, по которой Tor дозволяет для вас перекрыть JS по умолчанию в настройках, заключается в том, что это браузер, направленный на анонимность, конфиденциальность и сохранность.

Выберите «Настройки» размещен в нижней части экрана меню. Выберите «Дополнительно» на экране опций. Установите флаг «Включить Javascript», чтоб включить эту опцию. Около расширения «NoScript» нажмите клавишу «Отключить». Опосля чего же в обезательном порядке перезагрузите браузер для того чтоб опции вступили в силу.

Надеемся что данная статья хоть как то посодействовала для вас, хотим всем успехов! Консоль раскрывается как новое окно браузера. Ежели DevTools уже открыт, выберите вкладку Консоль. Мобильный браузер mobile browser, также microbrowser либо minibrowser — веб-браузер, предназначенный для использования на мобильных устройствах таковых как мобильный телефон либо КПК. Мобильные браузеры оптимизированы так, чтоб демонстрировать страничку более отлично для малеханьких экранов портативных устройств.

Перейдите во вкладку «Безопасность». Установите переключатель в положение «Включить JavaScript». Закройте окно. На телефоне открывают опции и здесь выбирают собственный браузер; Находят раздел Данные и персонализация; Дальше перебегают в раздел Отслеживание действий. Чтоб отключить данное расширение для вас необходимо перейти в вкладку опций и выбрать строчку «Дополнения». Skip to content. On a query this looks like:.

Another method is to simply use your country code for accessing Google. This can be google. The notification window lists a series of IP addresses and locations throughout the world recently used to access your account. It is probably a false positive, but it might not be since it is possible for someone to hijack your Google cookie. Cookie hijacking is possible by either physical access to your computer or by watching your network traffic.

In theory only physical access should compromise your system because Gmail and similar services should only send the cookie over an SSL link. And if somebody did steal your google cookie, they might end up logging in from unusual places though of course they also might not. Tor also recognizes the torrc options Socks4Proxy and Socks5Proxy. We only support basic auth currently, but if you need NTLM authentication, you may find this post in the archives useful.

If your proxies only allow you to connect to certain ports, look at the entry on Firewalled clients for how to restrict what ports your Tor will try to access. Tor Browser listens on port However, please realize that this approach is not recommended for novice users. Privoxy has an example configuration of Tor and Privoxy. See below. On Unix, we recommend you give torsocks a try. Alternative proxifying tools like socat and proxychains are also available.

The Windows way to force applications through Tor is less clear. Vidalia has been replaced with Tor Launcher, which is a Firefox extension that provides similar functionality. Alas, Mozilla decided to get rid of the config checkbox for JavaScript from earlier Firefox versions. And since TBB 3. The more klunky way to disable JavaScript is to go to about:config, find javascript. There is also a very simple addon available at addons.

There are no configuration options for the addon, it just switches the javascript. See ticket and ticket to follow progress there. You can then use TBB independent of that. Second complex option , you can edit your torrc file directly to add the following lines:. Are you sure you want to do this? The Tor Browser runs tor using different ports so it can co-exist happily with the tor process already running on your system.

Furthermore if you are running a relay, it may be better to run another tor instance for all of your personal Tor usage. If this does not work or randomly clobbers your torrc, you are on your own. Add the user you will be running Tor Browser as to the debian-tor group. Set the following environment variables:. If you wish to use password authentication for the control port, you will need to wait till is fixed. Following settings can be changed but be aware that this is not recommended and can harm your anonymity.

That way we have a much lower risk of an old tor process hanging around if the browser is killed or if it crashes. There are Firefox preferences that correspond to some of the environment variables. If an env variable is set the equivalent preference setting is overwritten:. One of the huge new features in TBB 3. Part of creating identical builds is having everybody use the same timestamp.

Mike picked the beginning of for that time. The reason you might see 7pm in is because of time zones. Tor Browser is built from the tor-browser-build. There is also some informations in the Tor Browser Hacking Guide. Tor uses a text file called torrc that contains configuration instructions for how your Tor program should behave. The default configuration should work fine for most Tor users. For the tor service on Windows see Windows NT. Otherwise, if you are using Tor without Tor Browser, it looks for torrc at differentt possible locations:.

On Debian use system tor reload. For advanced users, note that you actually only need to send Tor a HUP signal, not actually restart it. Have a look at the sample torrc file for hints on common configurations. Here are some likely places for your logs to be:. To change your logging setup by hand, edit your torrc and find the section near the top of the file which contains the following line:.

For example, if you want Tor to send complete debug, info, notice, warn, and err level messages to a file, append the following line to the end of the section:. Alas, some of the warn messages are hard for ordinary users to correct -- the developers are slowly making progress at making Tor automatically react correctly for each situation.

We recommend running at the default, which is "notice". Tor relays in particular should avoid logging at info or debug in normal operation, since they might end up recording sensitive information in their logs. If Tor can establish a circuit, Tor Browser will automatically launch the browser for you.

You can also check in the Tor logs for a line saying that Tor "has successfully opened a circuit. Looks like client functionality is working. We want to hear from you! There are supposed to be zero crash bugs in Tor. This FAQ entry describes the best way for you to be helpful to us. Second, make sure your version of libevent is new enough. We recommend at least libevent 1. If so, check if there are any new details that you can add. Fourth, is the crash repeatable? Can you cause the crash?

Can you isolate some of the circumstances or config options that make it happen? How quickly or often does the bug show up? Can you check if it happens with other versions of Tor, for example the latest stable release? You can look at the log-configuration FAQ entry for instructions on what to put in your torrc file.

If it usually takes a long time for the crash to show up, you will want to reserve a whole lot of disk space for the debug log. You can set preferred entry and exit nodes as well as inform Tor which nodes you do not want to use. The following options can be added to your config file torrc or specified on the command line:.

We recommend you do not use these — they are intended for testing and may disappear in future versions. Note also that not every circuit is used to deliver traffic outside of the Tor network. It is normal to see non-exit circuits such as those used to connect to onion services, those that do directory fetches, those used for relay reachability self-tests, and so on that end at a non-exit node.

Make sure there are no spaces between the commas and the list items. See the manual page for details. If your firewall works by blocking ports, then you can tell Tor to only use the ports when you start your Tor Browser. Or you can add the ports that your firewall permits by adding "FascistFirewall 1" to your torrc configuration file. You can select a different set of ports with the FirewallPorts torrc option. If you want to be more fine-grained with your controls, you can also use the ReachableAddresses config options, e.

The default open ports are listed below but keep in mind that, any port or ports can be opened by the relay operator by configuring it in torrc or modifying the source code. A relay will block access to its own IP address, as well local network IP addresses. A relay always blocks itself by default.

Applications that do DNS resolves themselves may leak information. Consider using Socks4A e. If you are running Tor to get anonymity, and you are worried about an attacker who is even slightly clever, then yes, you should worry. The Problem. When your applications connect to servers on the Internet, they need to resolve hostnames that you can read like www. To do this, your application sends a request to a DNS server, telling it the hostname it wants to resolve.

Clearly, this is a bad idea if you plan to connect to the remote host anonymously: when your application sends the request to the DNS server, the DNS server and anybody else who might be watching can see what hostname you are asking for. Even if your application then uses Tor to connect to the IP anonymously, it will be pretty obvious that the user making the anonymous connection is probably the same person who made the DNS request.

If you think that you applied one of the solutions properly but still experience DNS leaks please verify there is no third-party application using DNS independently of Tor. These are two steps you need to take here. Step one: add "TestSocks 1" to your torrc file, and then watch your logs as you use your application. If you suspect your application might behave like this, you should use a network sniffer like Wireshark and look for suspicious outbound DNS requests. By default, your Tor client only listens for applications that connect from localhost.

Connections from other computers are refused. If you want to torify applications on different computers than the Tor client, you should edit your torrc to define SocksListenAddress 0. If you want to get more advanced, you can configure your Tor client on a firewall to bind to your internal IP but not your external IP.

Tor can be configured as a client or a relay on another machine, and allow other machines to be able to connect to it for anonymity. This is most useful in an environment where many computers want a gateway of anonymity to the rest of the world. You can state multiple listen addresses, in the case that you are part of several networks or subnets.

When setting up your SocksListenAddress es , you need to give the port with the address, as shown above. IPv6 is supported since Tor version 0. To activate it add the following two entries into your torrc file:. If you are interested in developing you can review the IPv6 implemetation status at our IPv6Features wiki page, known issues can be found with the ipv6 keyword.

The exit relay is the most needed relay type but it also comes with the highest legal exposure and risk and you should NOT run them from your home. If you are looking to run a relay with minimal effort, fast guard relays are also very useful followed by bridges. If your relay is relatively new then give it time. Tor decides which relays it uses heuristically based on reports from Bandwidth Authorities. The lifecycle of a new relay is explained in more depth in this blog post.

Tor can handle relays with dynamic IP addresses just fine. Just leave the "Address" line in your torrc blank, and Tor will guess. For the time being Tor will require IPv4 addresses on relays, you can not run a Tor relay on a host with IPv6 addresses only.

If you allow exit connections, some services that people connect to from your relay will connect back to collect more information about you. For example, some IRC servers connect back to your identd port to record which user made the connection. Also, users exiting from you might attract the attention of other users on the IRC server, website, etc. Another reason is that groups who scan for open proxies on the Internet have learned that sometimes Tor relays expose their socks port to the world.

We recommend that you bind your socksport to local networks only. In any case, you need to keep up to date with your security. See this article on operational security for Tor relays for more suggestions. See this tor-relays thread.

All outgoing connections must be allowed, so that each relay can communicate with every other relay. In many jurisdictions, Tor relay operators are legally protected by the same common carrier regulations that prevent internet service providers from being held liable for third-party content that passes through their network. Exit relays that filter some traffic would likely forfeit those protections. Tor promotes free network access without interference. Exit relays must not filter the traffic that passes through them to the internet.

Exit relays found to be filtering traffic will get the BadExit flag once detected. Otherwise, you could drop many packets during periods of maximum bandwidth usage -- you may need to experiment with which values make your connection comfortable. Then set BandwidthBurst to the same as BandwidthRate.

Linux-based Tor nodes have another option at their disposal: they can prioritize Tor traffic below other traffic on their machine, so that their own personal traffic is not impacted by Tor load. Additionally, there are hibernation options where you can tell Tor to only serve a certain amount of bandwidth per time period such as GB per month. These are covered in the hibernation entry below. The accounting options in the torrc file allow you to specify the maximum amount of bytes your relay uses for a time period.

This specifies when the accounting should reset. For instance, to setup a total amount of bytes served for a week that resets every Wednesday at am , you would use:. This specifies the maximum amount of data your relay will send during an accounting period, and the maximum amount of data your relay will receive during an account period. When the accounting period resets from AccountingStart , then the counters for AccountingMax are reset to 0.

It will keep track of how quickly it used its quota in the last period, and choose a random point in the new interval to wake up. This way we avoid having hundreds of relays working at the beginning of each month but none still up by the end. Just divide your monthly amount by For example, if you have 50 GB to offer each way, you might set your RelayBandwidthRate to KBytes: this way your relay will always be useful for at least half of each day.

But there are a few exceptions:. If you open your DirPort, then Tor clients will ask you for a copy of the directory. This probably accounts for most of the difference between your "write" byte count and your "read" byte count. Another minor exception shows up when you operate as an exit node, and you read a few bytes from an exit connection for example, an instant messaging or ssh connection and wrap it up into an entire byte cell for transport through the Tor network.

The parameters assigned in the AccountingMax and BandwidthRate apply to both client and relay functions of the Tor process. Thus you may find that you are unable to browse as soon as your Tor goes into hibernation, signaled by this entry in the log:. The solution is to run two Tor processes - one relay and one client, each with its own config.

One way to do this if you are starting from a working relay setup is as follows:. Each Tor relay has an exit policy that specifies what sort of outbound connections are allowed or refused from that relay. The exit policies are propagated to Tor clients via the directory, so clients will automatically avoid picking exit relays that would refuse to exit to their intended destination.

This way each relay can decide the services, hosts, and networks it wants to allow connections to, based on abuse potential and its own situation. The default exit policy allows access to many popular services e. This setting means that your relay will be used for relaying traffic inside the Tor network, but not for connections to external websites or other services.

If you do allow any exit connections, make sure name resolution works that is, your computer can resolve Internet addresses correctly. This tells Tor to avoid exiting through that relay. In effect, relays with this flag become non-exits. Please reach out to the bad-relays team so we can sort out the issue. Several countries, including China and Iran, have found ways to detect and block connections to Tor bridges. So should you run a normal relay or bridge relay? If you have lots of bandwidth, you should definitely run a normal relay.

Thanks for volunteering! Note: As of Tor 0. Eventually they will replace the old RSA identities, but that will happen in time, to ensure compatibility with older versions. As of Tor 0. In simple words, it works like this:. If you want to use this feature, you can consult our more detailed guide on the topic. If you want to keep using the old key, see the Upgrading your Tor relay FAQ entry for how to restore the old identity key. A service called Tor Win32 Service will be installed and started.

This service will also automatically start every time Windows boots, unless you change the Start-up type. An easy way to check the status of Tor, start or stop the service, and change the start-up type is by running services. Optionally, you can specify additional options for the Tor service using the -options argument. The uninstaller is currently not capable of removing the active service. Competent vserver admins are able to configure your server to not hit these limits. Look for "failcnt" in tcpsndbuf, tcprecvbuf, numothersock, and othersockbuf.

Ask for these to be increased accordingly. Xen, Virtual Box and VMware virtual servers have no such limits normally. If the vserver admin will not increase system limits another option is to reduce the memory allocated to the send and receive buffers on TCP connections Tor uses. An experimental feature to constrain socket buffers has recently been added. If your version of Tor supports it, set "ConstrainedSockets 1" in your configuration.

See the tor man page for additional details about this option. Unfortunately, since Tor currently requires you to be able to connect to all the other Tor relays, we need you to be able to use at least file descriptors. We hope to fix this in the future, once we know how to build a Tor network with restricted topologies -- that is, where each node connects to only a few other nodes.

But this is still a long way off. If you do decide to run more than one relay, please set the "MyFamily" config option in the torrc of each relay, listing all the relays comma-separated that are under your control:. That way clients will know to avoid using more than one of your relays in a single circuit. Tor guesses its IP address by asking the computer for its hostname, and then resolving that hostname.

Also, if you have many addresses, you might also want to set "OutboundBindAddress" so external connections come from the IP you intend to present to the world. See portforward. If your relay is running on a internal net you need to setup port forwarding. Forwarding TCP connections is system dependent but the firewalled-clients FAQ entry offers some examples on how to do this. You may have to change "eth0" if you have a different external interface the one connected to the Internet.

All of this said, fast Tor relays do use a lot of ram. It is not unusual for a fast exit relay to use MB of memory. The simplest example is an attacker who owns a small number of Tor relays. There are also some downsides to running a Tor relay. It is an open research question whether the benefits outweigh the risks.

A lot of that depends on the attacks you are most worried about. Exonerator is a web service that can check if an IP address was a relay at a given time. We recommend these non-profit charities that are happy to turn your donations into better speed and anonymity for the Tor network:. Note that there can be a tradeoff here between anonymity and performance.

At the same time though, economies of scale for bandwidth mean that combining many small donations into several larger relays is more efficient at improving network performance. Improving anonymity and improving performance are both worthwhile goals, so however you can help is great! Since the. Currently, the Tor directory server provides this look-up service; and thus the look-up request must get to the Tor network.

Therefore, your application needs to pass the. So, how do you make your application pass the hostname directly to Tor? This will allow you to use almost any program with Tor without leaking DNS lookups and allow those same programs to access onion services. Versions of Tor before 0. Starting with 0. The stuff in parenthesis is optional. Only one release is ever made with any given set of these version numbers. The TAG lets you know how stable we think the release is: "alpha" is pretty unstable; "rc" is a release candidate; and no tag at all means that we have a final release.

So for example, we might start a development branch with say 0. The patchlevel increments consistently as the status tag changes, for example, as in: 0. Eventually, we would release 0. The next stable release would be 0. Why do we do it like this? Because every release has a unique version number, it is easy for tools like package manager to tell which release is newer than another.

The tag makes it easy for users to tell how stable the release is likely to be. To set up your own Tor network, you need to run your own authoritative directory servers, and your clients and relays must be configured so they know about your directory servers rather than the default public ones. Apart from the somewhat tedious method of manually configuring a couple of directory authorities, relays and clients there are two separate tools that could help.

One is Chutney, the other is Shadow. Chutney is a tool for configuring, controlling and running tests on a testing Tor network. It requires that you have Tor and Python 2. You can use Chutney to create a testing network by generating Tor configuration files torrc and necessary keys for the directory authorities. Then you can let Chutney start your Tor authorities, relays and clients and wait for the network to bootstrap.

Finally, you can have Chutney run tests on your network to see which things work and which do not. Chutney is typically used for running a testing network with about 10 instances of Tor. Every instance of Tor binds to one or two ports on localhost Shadow is a network simulator that can run Tor through its Scallion plug-in. Shadow can be run on any linux machine without root, and can also run on EC2 using a pre-configured image. Also, Shadow controls the time of the simulation with the effect that time-consuming tests can be done more efficiently than in an ordinary testing network.

The Shadow wiki and Shadow website are good places to get started. A fully Java implementation of the Tor client is now available as Orchid. We still consider Orchid to be experimental, so use with care. One is multithreading: you have a separate micro-program inside the main program for each net connection that reads and writes to the connection as needed.

This, performance-wise, sucks. And the newest ways are finally fast, but are not available on all platforms. However, On the the Win32 platform by Microsoft the only good way to do fast IO on windows with hundreds of sockets is using overlapped IO, which is grossly unlike every other BSD sockets interface.

Internet communication is based on a store-and-forward model that can be understood in analogy to postal mail: Data is transmitted in blocks called IP datagrams or packets. Every packet includes a source IP address of the sender and a destination IP address of the receiver , just as ordinary letters contain postal addresses of sender and receiver. The way from sender to receiver involves multiple hops of routers, where each router inspects the destination IP address and forwards the packet closer to its destination.

Thus, every router between sender and receiver learns that the sender is communicating with the receiver. In particular, your local ISP is in the position to build a complete profile of your Internet usage. In addition, every server in the Internet that can see any of the packets can profile your behaviour. The aim of Tor is to improve your privacy by sending your traffic through a series of proxies.

Your communication is encrypted in multiple layers and routed via multiple hops through the Tor network to the final receiver. Note that all your local ISP can observe now is that you are communicating with Tor nodes. Similarly, servers in the Internet just see that they are being contacted by Tor nodes. First, Tor prevents websites and other services from learning your location, which they can use to build databases about your habits and interests.

Because these relays are run by different individuals or organizations, distributing trust provides more security than the old one hop proxy approach. Note, however, that there are situations where Tor fails to solve these privacy problems entirely: see the entry below on remaining attacks. Yes, the guy running the exit node can read the bytes that come in and out there.

Tor anonymizes the origin of your traffic, and it makes sure to encrypt everything inside the Tor network, but it does not magically encrypt all traffic throughout the Internet. This is why you should always use end-to-end encryption such as SSL for sensitive Internet connections. First, Tor protects the network communications. It separates where you are from where you are going on the Internet. What content and data you transmit over Tor is controlled by you. However, since you have logged into their sites, they know who you are.

These binary applications run as your user account with your permissions in your operating system. This means these applications can access anything that your user account can access. Some of these technologies, such as Java and Adobe Flash for instance, run in what is known as a virtual machine. This virtual machine may have the ability to ignore your configured proxy settings, and therefore bypass Tor and share information directly to other sites on the Internet.

The virtual machine may be able to store data, such as cookies, completely separate from your browser or operating system data stores. Therefore, these technologies must be disabled in your browser to use Tor safely. We produce a web browser that is preconfigured to help you control the risks to your privacy and anonymity while browsing the Internet. Not only are the above technologies disabled to prevent identity leaks, Tor Browser also includes browser extensions like NoScript and Torbutton, as well as patches to the Firefox source code.

The full design of Tor Browser can be read here. The Tails team has created an entire bootable operating system configured for anonymity and privacy on the Internet. Tor is a work in progress. Further, the Tor client establishes an ephemeral encryption key with each relay in the circuit; these extra layers of encryption mean that only the exit relay can read the cells. Authentication : Every Tor relay has a public decryption key called the "onion key". Each relay rotates its onion key once a week.

Coordination : How do clients know what the relays are, and how do they know that they have the right keys for them? Each relay has a long-term public signing key called the "identity key". Each directory authority additionally has a "directory signing key". The directory authorities dir-spec. How do clients know what the directory authorities are? The Tor software comes with a built-in list of location and public key for each directory authority.

So the only way to trick users into using a fake Tor network is to give them a specially modified version of the software. Tor like all current practical low-latency anonymity designs fails when the attacker can see both ends of the communications channel. For example, suppose the attacker controls or watches the Tor relay you choose to enter the network, and also controls or watches the website you visit.

In this case, the research community knows no practical low-latency design that can reliably stop the attacker from correlating volume and timing information on the two sides. So, what should we do? Suppose the attacker controls, or can observe, C relays. Suppose there are N relays total. But profiling is, for most users, as bad as being traced all the time: they want to do something often without an attacker noticing, and the attacker noticing once is as bad as the attacker noticing more often.

Thus, choosing many random entries and exits gives the user no chance of escaping profiling by this kind of attacker. The solution is "entry guards": each Tor client selects a few relays at random to use as entry points, and uses only those relays for her first hop. Restricting your entry nodes may also help against attackers who want to run a few Tor nodes and easily enumerate all of the Tor user IP addresses.

Tor will reuse the same circuit for new TCP streams for 10 minutes, as long as the circuit is working fine. If the circuit fails, Tor will switch to a new circuit immediately. But note that a single TCP stream e. Otherwise an adversary with a partial view of the network would be given many chances over time to link you to your destination, rather than just one chance.

The actual content of these fixed size cells is documented in the main Tor spec , section 3. We have been considering one day adding two classes of cells -- maybe a 64 byte cell and a byte cell. This would allow less overhead for interactive streams while still allowing good throughput for bulk streams.

It holds open a handful of connections so there will be one available when you need one. An adversary with a great deal of manpower and money, and severe real-world penalties to discourage people from trying to evade detection, is a difficult test for an anonymity and anti-censorship system. After seeing these attacks and others first-hand, more effort was put into researching new circumvention techniques. Pluggable transports are protocols designed to allow users behind government firewalls to access the Tor network.

These attacks come from examining characteristics of the IP headers or TCP headers and looking for information leaks based on individual hardware signatures. One example is the Oakland paper that lets you learn if two packet streams originated from the same hardware, but only if you can see the original TCP timestamps.

Tor transports TCP streams, not IP packets, so we end up automatically scrubbing a lot of the potential information leaks. Do not use a VPN as an anonymity solution. VPNs encrypt the traffic between the user and the VPN provider, and they can act as a proxy between a user and an online destination. A technically proficient attacker or a number of employees could retrieve the full identity information associated with a VPN user. Identities can be discovered by following a money trail using Bitcoin does not solve this problem because Bitcoin is not anonymous , or by persuading the VPN provider to hand over logs.

When you use a VPN, websites can still build up a persistent profile of your usage over time. When you use Tor the IP address you connect to changes at most every 10 minutes, and often more frequently than that. Proxychains is a program that sends your traffic through a series of open web proxies that you supply before sending it on to your final destination. Unlike Tor , proxychains does not encrypt the connections between each proxy server. An open proxy that wanted to monitor your connection could see all the other proxy servers you wanted to use between itself and your final destination, as well as the IP address that proxy hop received traffic from.

Because the Tor protocol requires encrypted relay-to-relay connections, not even a misbehaving relay can see the entire path of any Tor user. While Tor relays are run by volunteers and checked periodically for suspicious behavior, many open proxies that can be found with a search engine are compromised machines, misconfigured private proxies not intended for public use, or honeypots set up to exploit users.

As mentioned above, it is possible for an observer who can view both you and either the destination website or your Tor exit node to correlate timings of your traffic as it enters the Tor network and also as it exits. Tor does not defend against such a threat model. In a more limited sense, note that if a censor or law enforcement agency has the ability to obtain specific observation of parts of the network, it is possible for them to verify a suspicion that you talk regularly to your friend by observing traffic at both ends and correlating the timing of only that traffic.

Again, this is only useful to verify that parties already suspected of communicating with one another are doing so. In most countries, the suspicion required to obtain a warrant already carries more weight than timing correlation would provide. Furthermore, since Tor reuses circuits for multiple TCP connections, it is possible to associate non anonymous and anonymous traffic at a given exit node, so be careful about what applications you run concurrently over Tor.

Perhaps even run separate Tor clients for these applications. Read these papers especially the ones in boxes to get up to speed on anonymous communication systems. Requiring every Tor user to be a relay would help with scaling the network to handle all our users, and running a Tor relay may help your anonymity. Providing service to these clients is a critical part of providing effective anonymity for everyone, since many Tor users are subject to these or similar constraints and including these clients increases the size of the anonymity set.

That said, we do want to encourage Tor users to run relays, so what we really want to do is simplify the process of setting up and maintaining a relay. First, we need to make Tor stable as a relay on all common operating systems. See Section 4. Second, we still need to get better at automatically estimating the right amount of bandwidth to allow. Third, we need to work on scalability, both of the network how to stop requiring that all Tor relays be able to connect to all Tor relays and of the directory how to stop requiring that all Tor users know about all Tor relays.

Changes like this can have large impact on potential and actual anonymity. Again, UDP transport would help here. Three different research papers describe ways to identify the relays in a circuit by running traffic through candidate relays and looking for dips in the traffic while the circuit is active. These clogging attacks are not that scary in the Tor context so long as relays are never clients too.

This would be handy, because it would make Tor better able to handle new protocols like VoIP, it could solve the whole need to socksify applications, and it would solve the fact that exit relays need to allocate a lot of file descriptors to hold open all the exit connections.

Some of the hard problems are:. Right now the path length is hard-coded at 3 plus the number of nodes in your path that are sensitive. Remember that the best way to attack Tor is to attack the endpoints and ignore the middle of the path. Currently there is no reason to suspect that investigating a single relay will yield user-destination pairs, but if many people are using only a single hop, we make it more likely that attackers will seize or break into relays in hopes of tracing users.

Now, there is a good argument for making the number of hops in a path unpredictable. Choosing path length from, say, a geometric distribution will turn this into a statistical attack, which seems to be an improvement. On the other hand, a longer path length is bad for usability, and without further protections it seems likely that an adversary can estimate your path length anyway. Please write a research paper that tells us what to do.

It is better to not manually change the path. There are many attacks and adversaries that Tor is trying to defend against at once, and constraining paths has surprising trickle-down effects on the other attacks e. Picking your entry and exit in different countries is not a good defence, because it only defends against adversaries that are unable to rent servers in other countries. This approach is more well-understood in the context of high-latency systems. See e. This would be great for two reasons.

Second, it is conceivable that we could get increased security against certain attacks by migrating streams periodically, since leaving a stream on a given circuit for many hours might make it more vulnerable to certain adversaries. There are two problems though. First, Tor would need a much more bulky protocol. Right now each end of the Tor circuit just sends the cells, and lets TCP provide the in-order guaranteed delivery.

If we can move streams across circuits, though, we would need to add queues at each end of the circuit, add sequence numbers so we can send and receive acknowledgements for cells, and so forth. These changes would increase the complexity of the Tor protocol considerably. Circuits are typically three hops long, so in about a third of the cases we just lose.

But there are still some approaches we can take to improve the reliability of streams. The main approach we have now is to specify that streams using certain application ports prefer circuits to be made up of stable nodes. These ports are specified in the "LongLivedPorts" torrc option, and they default to. The definition of "stable" is an open research question, since we can only guess future stability based on past performance. Right now we judge that a node is stable if it advertises that it has been up for more than a day.

Down the road we plan to refine this so it takes into account the average stability of the other nodes in the Tor network. You cannot trust the network to pick the path for relays could collude and route you through their colluding friends. This would give an adversary the ability to watch all of your traffic end to end. The default exit policy blocks certain private net blocks, like Some overzealous firewall configs suggest that you also block all the parts of the Internet that IANA has not currently allocated.

Second, why should we default-reject something that might one day be useful? It would be nice to let relay operators say things like "reject www. There are two problems, though. First, users could still get around these blocks. For example, they could request the IP address rather than the hostname when they exit from the Tor network.